With an elevation change of about 5,000 feet from the highest point at Horse Ranch Mountain (at 8,726 feet) to the lowest point at Coal Pits Wash (at 3,666 feet), Zion’s diverse topography cultivates a diversity of habitats and species. Desert, riparian (river bank), pinyon-juniper, and conifer woodland communities all contribute to Zion’s diversity. Neighboring ecosystems such as the Mojave Desert, the Great Basin, and the Rocky Mountains are also contributors to Zion’s abundance.

The park has more than 1,000 species of plants ranging from tall, graceful cottonwoods growing along the river to towering pines and firs shading the higher elevations. Prickly pears, cholla, and yucca are among Zion’s desert-adapted plants. The hanging gardens support brilliantly-colored Zion shooting-stars, scarlet monkeyflowers, and Western and golden columbines.

In turn, Zion’s plant communities provide food, shelter, and nesting places for Zion’s diverse wildlife. There are approximately 67 species of mammals, 29 species of reptiles, seven species of amphibians, nine species of fish, and 207 species of birds. Endangered California condors soar above the cliffs of Zion; threatened Mexican spotted owls — Zion has the highest density of these owls breeding in the state — live and raise their young in Zion’s narrow canyons.

The geologic formations of Zion, formed over approximately 250 million years, record periods of time when this area was covered by a shallow sea, when huge, sluggish rivers bordered by swamplands meandered across the landscape; and when a vast desert — perhaps the largest on the planet — covered the region. The sand dunes of this desert are now Zion’s famous sculpted and colorful 2,000-foot cliffs. The natural and cultural resources within Zion National Park are studied and managed by the Resource Management and Research Division of the park. See map of the greater southern Utah area and a listing of all the state and national parks in southern Utah here.